§ RULE 11-503. LAWYER-CLIENT PRIVILEGE
RULE 11-503. LAWYER-CLIENT PRIVILEGE
A. Definitions. As used in this rule:
(1) a “client” is a person, public officer, or corporation, association, or other organization or entity, either public or private, who is rendered professional legal services by a lawyer, or who consults a lawyer or a representative of a lawyer with a view to obtaining professional legal services;
(2) a “lawyer” is a person authorized, or reasonably believed by the client to be authorized, to practice law in any state or nation;
(3) a “representative of the lawyer” is one employed to assist the lawyer in the rendition of professional legal services;
(4) a communication is “confidential” if not intended to be disclosed to third persons other than those to whom disclosure is in furtherance of the rendition of professional legal services to the client or those reasonably necessary for the transmission of the communication. The act of contacting or retaining a lawyer for the purpose of seeking professional legal services is a “confidential” communication if not intended to be disclosed to third persons.
B. General Rule of Privilege. A client has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional legal services to the client,
(1) between the client and the client's lawyer or his lawyer's representative, or
(2) between the client's lawyer and the lawyer's representative, or
(3) by the client or client's lawyer to a lawyer representing another in a matter of common interest, or
(4) between representatives of the client or between the client and a representative of the client, or
(5) between lawyers representing the client.
C. Who May Claim the Privilege. The privilege may be claimed by the client, the client's guardian or conservator, the personal representative of a deceased client, or the successor, trustee or similar representative of a corporation, association or other organization, whether or not in existence. The person who was the lawyer at the time of the communication may claim the privilege but only on behalf of the client. The authority to claim the privilege is presumed in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
D. Exceptions. There is no privilege under this rule:
(1) Furtherance of Crime or Fraud. If the services of the lawyer were sought or obtained to enable or aid anyone to commit or plan to commit what the client knew or reasonably should have known to be a crime or fraud; or
(2) Claimants Through Same Deceased Client. As to a communication relevant to an issue between parties who claim through the same deceased client, regardless of whether the claims are by testate or intestate succession or by inter vivos transaction; or
(3) Breach of Duty by Lawyer or Client. As to a communication relevant to an issue of breach of duty by the lawyer to the lawyer's client or by the client to the client's lawyer; or
(4) Document Attested by Lawyer. As to a communication relevant to an issue concerning an attested document to which the lawyer is an attesting witness; or
(5) Joint Clients. As to a communication relevant to a matter of common interest between two or more clients if the communication was made by any of them to a lawyer retained or consulted in common, when offered in an action between any of the clients.