§ Rule 1002. Requirement of original
Rule 1002. Requirement of original
To prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph, the original writing, recording, or photograph is required, except as otherwise provided in these rules, by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court, or by statute.
Comment: Pa.R.E. 1002 differs from F.R.E. 1002 to eliminate the reference to Federal law and to make the Rule conform to Pennsylvania law.Pa.R.E. 1002 is consistent with Pennsylvania law.
This rule corresponds to the common law “best evidence rule.” See Warren v. Mosites Constr. Co., 253 Pa. Super. 395, 385 A.2d 397 (1978). The rationale for the rule was not expressed in Pennsylvania cases, but commentators have mentioned four reasons justifying the rule.
(1) The exact words of many documents, especially operative or dispositive documents, such as deeds, wills or contracts, are so important in determining a party's rights accruing under those documents.
(2) Secondary evidence of the contents of documents, whether copies or testimony, is susceptible to inaccuracy.
(3) The rule inhibits fraud because it allows the parties to examine the original documents to detect alterations and erroneous testimony about the contents of the document.
(4) The appearance of the original may furnish information as to its authenticity.
5 Weinstein & Berger, Weinstein's Evidence § 1002(2) (Sandra D. Katz rev. 1994).
The common law formulation of the rule provided that the rule was applicable when the terms of the document were “material.” The materiality requirement has not been eliminated, but is now dealt with in Pa.R.E. 1004(4). That rule provides that the original is not required when the writing, recording or photograph is not closely related to a controlling issue.
The case law has not been entirely clear as to when a party is trying “to prove the content of a writing, recording, or photograph.” However, writings that are viewed as operative or dispositive have usually been considered to be subject to the operation of the rule. Such writings include deeds, see Gallagher v. London Assurance Corp., 149 Pa. 25, 24 A. 115 (1892), contracts, see In re Reuss' Estate, 422 Pa. 58, 220 A.2d 822 (1966), and attachments, see L.C.S. Colliery, Inc. v. Globe Coal Co., 369 Pa. 1, 84 A.2d 776 (1951). On the other hand, writings are not usually treated as subject to the rule if they are only evidence of the transaction, thing or event. See Hamill-Quinlan, Inc. v. Fisher, 404 Pa. Super. 482, 591 A.2d 309 (1991); Noble C. Quandel Co. v. Slough Flooring, Inc., 384 Pa. Super. 236, 558 A.2d 99 (1989). Thus, testimony as to a person's age may be offered; it is not necessary to produce a birth certificate. See Commonwealth ex rel. Park v. Joyce, 316 Pa. 434, 175 A. 422 (1934). Or, a party's earnings may be proven by testimony; it is not necessary to offer business records. See Noble C. Quandel Co. v. Slough Flooring, Inc., 384 Pa. Super. 236, 558 A.2d 99 (1989).
Traditionally, the best evidence rule applied only to writings. Photographs, which under the definition established by Pa.R.E. 1001(2) include x-ray films, videotapes, and motion pictures, are usually only evidence of the transaction, thing or event. It is rare that a photograph would be operative or dispositive, but in cases involving matters such as infringement of copyright, defamation, pornography and invasion of privacy, the requirement for the production of the original should be applicable. There is support for this approach in Pennsylvania law. See Commonwealth v. Lewis, 424 Pa. Super. 531, 623 A.2d 355 (1993) (video tape); Anderson v. Commonwealth, 121 Pa. Cmwlth. 521, 550 A.2d 1049 (1988) (film).