§ Rule 502. Attorney-client privilege.
Rule 502. Attorney-client privilege.
(a) Definitions.As used in this rule:
(1) “Client” is a person, public officer, or corporation, association, or other organization or entity, either public or private, that is rendered professional legal services by an attorney, or that consults an attorney with a view to obtaining professional legal services from the attorney.
(2) “Representative of the client” is: (i) a person having authority to obtain professional legal services or to act on legal advice rendered on behalf of the client or (ii) any other person who, for the purpose of effecting legal representation for the client, makes or receives a confidential communication while acting in the scope of employment for the client.
(3) “Attorney” is a person authorized, or reasonably believed by the client to be authorized, to engage in the practice of law in any state or nation.
(4) “Representative of the attorney” is a person employed by the attorney to assist the attorney in rendering professional legal services.
(5) A communication is “confidential” if not intended to be disclosed to third persons other than those to whom disclosure is made in furtherance of the rendition of professional legal services to the client or those to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for the transmission of the communication.
(b) General rule of privilege. A client has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing a confidential communication made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional legal services to the client, (1) between the client or a representative of the client and the client's attorney or a representative of the attorney, or (2) between the attorney and a representative of the attorney, (3) by the client or a representative of the client or the client's attorney or a representative of the attorney to an attorney or a representative of an attorney representing another party concerning a matter of common interest, (4) between representatives of the client and between the client and a representative of the client resulting from the specific request of, or at the express direction of, an attorney, or (5) among attorneys and their representatives representing the same client.
(c) Who may claim the privilege. The privilege may be claimed by the client, the client's guardian or conservator, the personal representative of a deceased client, or the successor, trustee, or similar representative of a corporation, association, or other organization, whether or not in existence. The person who was the attorney, or the attorney's representative, at the time of the communication may claim the privilege, but only on behalf of the client. The attorney's or the representative's authority to do so is presumed in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
(d) Exceptions.There is no privilege under this rule:
(1) FURTHERANCE OF CRIME OR FRAUD. If the services of the attorney were sought or obtained to enable or aid anyone to commit or plan to commit what the client knew or reasonably should have known to be a crime or fraud;
(2) CLAIMANTS THROUGH THE SAME DECEASED CLIENT. As to a communication relevant to an issue between parties who claim through the same deceased client, regardless of whether the claims are by testate or intestate succession or by inter vivos transaction;
(3) BREACH OF DUTY BY AN ATTORNEY OR CLIENT. As to a communication relevant to an issue of breach of duty by an attorney to the client or by a client to the client's attorney;
(4) DOCUMENT ATTESTED BY AN ATTORNEY. As to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the intention or competence of a client executing an attested document to which the attorney is an attesting witness, or concerning the execution or attestation of such a document;
(5) JOINT CLIENTS. As to a communication relevant to a matter of common interest between or among two or more clients if the communication was made by any of them to an attorney retained or consulted in common, when offered in an action between or among any of the clients.